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- RELIGION, Page 44No Longer Poles Apart
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- The Vatican establishes a historic toehold in the Soviet bloc
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- The step would have been unthinkable a few decades ago,
- when Poland's Communist bosses did not hesitate to put Roman
- Catholic Primate Stefan Wyszynski under house arrest, imprison
- hundreds of priests and nuns, or confiscate scores of schools
- and convents. But last week all that was swept aside with a
- long-awaited, historic announcement. Resuming a "noble tradition
- of many centuries," the Holy See and Poland have re-established
- diplomatic relations, declared the official church communique,
- delicately omitting mention of less-than-noble events during the
- protracted ecclesiastical cold war with the nation's leaders
- that began in 1945.
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- The pact gives the Vatican its first diplomatic toehold
- within the Soviet bloc.* The breakthrough is one result of a
- decision by Pope John XXIII in the early 1960s to launch a
- friendlier policy toward the Communist world. The negotiations
- that led to last week's recognition of Poland's Communist regime
- began in 1974. Throughout, Warsaw was far more eager for
- progress than the church, especially with the election in 1978
- of the Polish Pope John Paul II. After Solidarity was outlawed
- in 1982, the Polish government became desperate for Vatican ties
- in order to win support among its devoutly Catholic populace and
- enhance international esteem. John Paul, however, held back
- because the bishops in Poland feared that their tenuous status
- would be undermined if the government could deal directly with
- Rome.
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- In the end, the Polish bishops agreed to the diplomatic
- ties only because Poland's Parliament on May 17 passed laws
- allowing religious freedoms that are unprecedented in the
- Communist world. Dozens of new legal provisions now guarantee
- the rights of Catholicism and other faiths, encompassing such
- matters as the church's right to own property, build churches,
- publish freely and operate charities. The Polish church will
- also receive compensation for buildings the Communists seized
- in the 1950s, and members of the clergy are guaranteed pensions.
- Most observers believed the timing of the decision strongly
- signaled Pope John Paul's approval of the events in Warsaw this
- past spring, during which Solidarity was recognized as a lawful
- political force in Poland.
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- The Polish hierarchy said last week that the improved
- relations "will open new spheres of activity for the church for
- the benefit of the whole society," as well as enhance Poland's
- international prestige. Warsaw's progovernment daily Zycie
- Warszawy declared in an editorial that the Vatican is obviously
- convinced that the changes within Poland are "permanent." In
- addition, said the newspaper, the diplomatic deal "is a
- confirmation of the range of reforms taking place not only in
- Poland but elsewhere in Eastern Europe."
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- That may be. However, it is far from certain that other
- Communist countries in the East bloc with sizable Catholic
- populations will follow Poland's diplomatic lead. The
- government of Hungary has restored some religious rights, and
- Rome has responded warmly, but there are no hints that these
- moves will be sufficient to forge a new diplomatic relationship
- with the Vatican. Rome's prospects with the hard-line rulers of
- Czechoslovakia are far dimmer. In the Soviet Union the enforced
- illegality of Catholicism in the Ukraine appears to present an
- intractable barrier. Still, when John Paul was elected Pope, it
- seemed just as unlikely that the Holy See would ever exchange
- ambassadors with Poland.
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- *Other Communist regimes with full Vatican ties: Cuba and non-
- aligned Yugoslavia.
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